Energy Governance and Decarbonization Pathways: United Kingdom vs Denmark
Abstract This article analyzes contemporary energy governance through a theoretical and conceptual perspective integrating the complexity of institutional structures, multi-actor dynamics, and public instruments mobilized for the energy transition. It highlights the importance of polycentric and adaptive governance, capable of reconciling technological innovation, energy justice, social acceptability, and regulatory stability. Two case studies illustrate these dynamics: the United Kingdom, characterized by centralized, competitive, and fragmented governance, faced with political reversals limiting the effectiveness of its renewable policies; and Denmark, exemplary for its decentralized, democratic, and territorially anchored model, favoring citizen involvement and a stable political consensus. The comparison highlights that the success of energy transitions largely depends on the capacity to integrate multilevel governance, citizen participation, and political coherence. The les...